Common GI Conditions | Colorectal Practice

Upper Gastrointestinal Conditions

Upper gastrointestinal conditions affect the oesophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the oesophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. Common signs include frequent heartburn, regurgitation of sour liquid, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.

While occasional acid reflux is common, persistent symptoms may indicate GERD, which can lead to complications such as oesophagitis, oesophagal strictures, precancerous changes known as Barrett's oesophagus, and an increased risk of oesophagal cancer. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential to prevent these outcomes.

Oesophagitis

Esophagitis refers to inflammation of the oesophagus, often resulting from persistent acid reflux, infections, or allergic reactions. Symptoms typically include painful or difficult swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and regurgitation of food.

If left untreated, oesophagitis may cause complications such as oesophagal strictures, bleeding, or Barrett's oesophagus. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause is key to managing and preventing further damage.

Gastritis

Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining, commonly caused by a H. pylori infection, prolonged use of NSAIDs, excessive alcohol consumption, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include indigestion, stomach pain, nausea, bloating, loss of appetite, and, in severe cases, vomiting blood or passing black stools.

Without treatment, gastritis can lead to complications such as stomach ulcers, internal bleeding, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Early intervention and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing long-term damage.

Stomach Ulcers

Stomach ulcers are open sores that develop on the stomach lining, often due to H. pylori infection or prolonged use of NSAIDs. Excessive alcohol intake, smoking, and stress may exacerbate the condition. Symptoms commonly include burning stomach pain, nausea, bloating, dark stools, and unexplained weight loss.

If left untreated, stomach ulcers can lead to serious complications such as internal bleeding, stomach wall perforation, and gastric obstruction. Timely medical intervention is essential to promote healing and prevent complications.

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Colorectal Conditions

Colorectal conditions affect the colon (large intestine) and rectum.

Polyps or Growths

Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that can form in the digestive tract, most frequently in the colon. While often asymptomatic, they may sometimes cause blood in the stool, abdominal pain, or changes in bowel habits. Factors such as age, family history, genetic disorders, and chronic digestive tract inflammation increase the likelihood of developing polyps.

Though most are benign, some can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings are vital for early detection and removal to prevent malignancy.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer originates in the colon or rectum and is the most common cancer in Singapore. Risk factors include being 50+ years old, a family history of colorectal cancer, diets high in red or processed meats, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Symptoms often include blood in the stool, persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel habits.

Early detection through screening is critical for effective treatment. If you are above 50 years old or have other colorectal cancer risk factors, schedule a screening with a colorectal specialist today.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The exact cause is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms include persistent diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and blood in the stool.

If left unmanaged, IBD can result in complications such as intestinal strictures, malnutrition, and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Effective treatment plans can help manage symptoms and improve overall quality of life.

Diverticular Disease

Diverticular disease occurs when small pouches, known as diverticula, form in the colon wall. It is often caused by a low-fibre diet, ageing, obesity, and lack of physical activity. While some individuals may remain asymptomatic, others experience abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, and blood in the stool.

In severe cases, complications such as diverticulitis (inflammation of diverticula), abscess formation, or bowel obstruction may arise. Lifestyle changes, including a high-fibre diet and regular physical activity, along with appropriate medical treatment, are key to managing symptoms and preventing complications.